Golang高效XML解析技巧分享
时间：2025-09-01 17:35:30
181浏览
收藏
在Golang中，处理大型XML文件时，传统的`xml.Unmarshal`方法可能会消耗大量内存。本文介绍了一种更高效的内存管理技巧：使用`xml.Decoder`进行流式解析。`xml.Decoder`通过边读边处理的方式，避免一次性将整个XML文档加载到内存中，从而显著降低内存开销。与`Unmarshal`构建完整结构树不同，`xml.Decoder`仅关注并解析所需的节点，并能通过`DecodeElement`结合结构体解析局部节点，及时跳过无关内容。这种方式特别适合处理大文件和频繁解析的场景，能够有效提升Golang应用程序的性能和资源利用率。本文将深入探讨`xml.Decoder`的工作机制和使用技巧，并提供示例代码，帮助开发者编写内存友好的XML解析器。
使用xml.Decoder能更高效处理大XML文件的原因在于其流式解析机制。① xml.Decoder采用边读边处理的方式，避免将整个文档加载到内存；② 相比Unmarshal构建完整结构树，Decoder仅关注并解析所需节点；③ 通过DecodeElement结合结构体解析局部节点，及时跳过无关内容，减少内存占用；④ 适合处理大文件和频繁解析场景，显著降低内存开销。
Golang在处理XML数据时，如果面对的是大文件或者需要频繁解析的场景，使用常规的xml.Unmarshal方式可能会带来较大的内存开销。这是因为一次性将整个XML结构加载到内存中会占用较多资源。要实现更高效的内存使用，可以借助xml.Decoder，它采用了类似于SAX的流式解析模式，逐条读取XML内容，避免一次性加载全部数据。
为什么用xml.Decoder而不是Unmarshal？
在Go语言标准库的encoding/xml包中，有两种主要解析方式：一种是基于结构体的xml.Unmarshal，另一种是基于事件驱动的xml.Decoder。
对于小文件来说，两者区别不大；但当XML文件体积较大（比如几百MB甚至更大）时，Unmarshal会导致整个文档被加载进内存，构建出完整的结构树，而xml.Decoder则是按需读取标签，边读边处理，大大节省了内存消耗。
举个例子，如果你有一个包含上万条记录的XML日志文件，使用Unmarshal需要先把它全读进来并生成一个巨大的结构体切片，而Decoder则可以在每次读到一个记录节点时处理一次，处理完即可释放这部分内存。
xml.Decoder的工作机制与使用技巧
xml.Decoder的核心思想是“边读边处理”，有点类似SAX解析器的行为。它的基本流程如下：
- 创建一个
xml.Decoder实例，通常包装一个io.Reader - 使用
Decode方法逐步读取XML中的各个Token - 每次读取到开始标签、结束标签或文本内容时进行判断和处理
关键点在于只关注你关心的部分节点，跳过不需要的数据。例如，你可以监听某个特定的开始标签，一旦匹配就解析其内部的内容，忽略其他部分。
以下是一些使用建议：
- 避免将整个文档结构保存在内存中
- 在读取过程中及时调用
decoder.Skip()跳过嵌套复杂结构 - 处理文本内容时注意转义字符和空白符问题
- 可以结合结构体解析局部节点，而不必完全手动拼装数据
如何编写一个内存友好的XML解析器？
假设我们要从一个大型XML文件中提取所有</code>字段，下面是一个典型的写法：</p><pre>dec := xml.NewDecoder(file)
var title string
for {
tok, err := dec.Token()
if err == io.EOF {
break
}
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
switch se := tok.(type) {
case xml.StartElement:
if se.Name.Local == "item" {
// 开始一个新的item节点
var item struct {
Title string `xml:"title"`
}
dec.DecodeElement(&item, &se)
title = item.Title
fmt.Println(title)
}
}
}</pre><p>上面这段代码虽然简单，但展示了几个关键思路：</p><ul><li>只对<code><item></code>节点做结构化解析</li><li>使用<code>DecodeElement</code>来填充结构体字段</li><li>不保留任何不相关的数据结构</li><li>整个过程没有把整个XML文件加载到内存里</li></ul><p>当然，实际使用中可能还需要处理嵌套结构、错误恢复等问题，但这种模式已经足够应对大多数场景。</p><h3>总结一下</h3><p>使用<code>xml.Decoder</code>的好处很明显：适合处理大文件，内存占用低，控制灵活。不过缺点也有，比如代码复杂度比直接<code>Unmarshal</code>高，调试也麻烦一些。所以选择哪种方式，还是要看具体的应用场景。</p><p>如果你只是处理几十KB的小配置文件，用结构体Unmarshal更省事。但如果遇到大文件，或者希望降低服务器内存压力，用<code>Decoder</code>才是更合适的选择。</p><p>今天带大家了解了的相关知识，希望对你有所帮助；关于Golang的技术知识我们会一点点深入介绍，欢迎大家关注golang学习网公众号，一起学习编程~</p>
<div style="margin:16px auto;width:100%;max-width:720px;box-sizing:border-box;padding:16px;border:1px solid #e5e7eb;border-radius:12px;background:#fff;box-shadow:0 6px 24px rgba(16,24,40,0.08);text-align:center;overflow:hidden;">
<a onclick="showThirdParty('flex')" style="display:inline-flex;width:100%;max-width:100%;justify-content:center;align-items:center;gap:8px;padding:12px 18px;border-radius:10px;background:#2d8cf0;color:#fff;text-decoration:none;font-weight:600;box-sizing:border-box;overflow-wrap:anywhere;word-break:break-word;">
前往漫画官网入口并下载 ➜
</a>
</div>
<div id="third-party-overlay" style="position:fixed;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:100%;display:none;justify-content:center;align-items:center;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.4);z-index:9999;">
<div style="background:#FFF3CD;border:1px solid #FFEEBA;padding:16px;border-radius:6px;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:480px;width:90%;text-align:center;">
<div style="font-size:14px;color:#856404;margin-bottom:12px;">您即将跳转至第三方网站，请注意保护好个人信息和财产安全！</div>
<a href="https://comicdow.pdlcomic.top/1273%2F%E5%9B%A7%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%83.apk" target="_blank" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" style="color:#2d8cf0;text-decoration:none;" onclick="showThirdParty('none');">继续访问</a>
</div>
</div>
<script>
function showThirdParty(mode){
var el = document.getElementById('third-party-overlay');
if (!el) return;
el.style.display = (mode === 'none' ? 'none' : 'flex');
}
</script>
</div>
<div class="labsList">
</div>
</div>
<!-- 最新阅读 -->
<div class="contBoxNor">
<div class="contTit">
<div class="tit">相关阅读</div>
<a href="/articlelist.html" class="more">更多></a>
</div>
<ul class="latestReadList">
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 3年前 |
<a href="/articletag/56_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="map">map</a> ·
<a href="/articletag/993_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="实践">实践</a> ·
<a href="/articletag/994_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="实现原理">实现原理</a> ·
<a href="/special/3_new_0_1.html" target="_blank" class="aLightGray" title="golang">golang</a>
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/10762.html" title="Golangmap实践及实现原理解析" class="aBlack">Golangmap实践及实现原理解析</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>505</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="10762" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 2年前 |
<a href="/special/3_new_0_1.html" target="_blank" class="aLightGray" title="golang">golang</a>
<a href="javascript:;" class="aLightGray" title="Go">Go</a>
<a href="javascript:;" class="aLightGray" title="编程语言选择">编程语言选择</a>
<a href="javascript:;" class="aLightGray" title="区别解析">区别解析</a>
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/80612.html" title="go和golang的区别解析：帮你选择合适的编程语言" class="aBlack">go和golang的区别解析：帮你选择合适的编程语言</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>503</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="80612" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 3年前 |
<a href="/articletag/1668_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="try">try</a> ·
<a href="/articletag/1669_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="catch">catch</a> ·
<a href="/special/3_new_0_1.html" target="_blank" class="aLightGray" title="golang">golang</a>
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/11451.html" title="试了下Golang实现try catch的方法" class="aBlack">试了下Golang实现try catch的方法</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>502</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="11451" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 2年前 |
<a href="javascript:;" class="aLightGray" title="并发 (concurrency)">并发 (concurrency)</a>
<a href="javascript:;" class="aLightGray" title="Go语言 (Go language)">Go语言 (Go language)</a>
<a href="javascript:;" class="aLightGray" title="服务器架构 (Server Architecture)">服务器架构 (Server Architecture)</a>
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/53565.html" title="如何在go语言中实现高并发的服务器架构" class="aBlack">如何在go语言中实现高并发的服务器架构</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>502</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="53565" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 2年前 |
<a href="javascript:;" class="aLightGray" title="工作效率">工作效率</a>
<a href="javascript:;" class="aLightGray" title="Go语言">Go语言</a>
<a href="javascript:;" class="aLightGray" title="项目开发">项目开发</a>
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/72902.html" title="提升工作效率的Go语言项目开发经验分享" class="aBlack">提升工作效率的Go语言项目开发经验分享</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>502</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="72902" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- 最新阅读 -->
<div class="contBoxNor">
<div class="contTit">
<div class="tit">最新阅读</div>
<a href="/articlelist.html" class="more">更多></a>
</div>
<ul class="latestReadList">
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 6分钟前 |
<a href="javascript:;" class="aLightGray" title="Go">Go</a>
<a href="javascript:;" class="aLightGray" title="make">make</a>
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/464252.html" title="Go语言make用法详解：slicemapchannel教程" class="aBlack">Go语言make用法详解：slicemapchannel教程</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>145</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="464252" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 13分钟前 |
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/464244.html" title="Golang容器多服务运行与网络配置教程" class="aBlack">Golang容器多服务运行与网络配置教程</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>486</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="464244" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 20分钟前 |
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/464234.html" title="Golang指针数组与数组指针区别解析" class="aBlack">Golang指针数组与数组指针区别解析</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>384</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="464234" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 33分钟前 |
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/464218.html" title="Golang加权轮询负载均衡实现详解" class="aBlack">Golang加权轮询负载均衡实现详解</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>329</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="464218" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 43分钟前 |
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/464205.html" title="Go安全错误捕获闭包实现方法" class="aBlack">Go安全错误捕获闭包实现方法</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>109</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="464205" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 47分钟前 |
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/464198.html" title="Golang错误处理技巧与实践分享" class="aBlack">Golang错误处理技巧与实践分享</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>224</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="464198" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 1小时前 |
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/464179.html" title="Golang代码格式化配置全攻略" class="aBlack">Golang代码格式化配置全攻略</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>122</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="464179" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 1小时前 |
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/464178.html" title="Golang自动化回滚，快速恢复失败部署" class="aBlack">Golang自动化回滚，快速恢复失败部署</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>403</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="464178" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 1小时前 |
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/464167.html" title="Golang实现文章关键词搜索方法" class="aBlack">Golang实现文章关键词搜索方法</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>251</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="464167" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 1小时前 |
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/464166.html" title="GolangCanCall方法实用技巧分享" class="aBlack">GolangCanCall方法实用技巧分享</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>194</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="464166" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 1小时前 |
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/464157.html" title="Golang循环中error处理技巧" class="aBlack">Golang循环中error处理技巧</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>338</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="464157" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div class="info">
<a href="/articlelist/25_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Golang">Golang</a> ·
<a href="/articlelist/44_new_0_1.html" class="aLightGray" title="Go教程">Go教程</a>
| 1小时前 |
</div>
<div class="tit lineOverflow"><a href="/article/464141.html" title="Golang反射遍历切片数组详解" class="aBlack">Golang反射遍历切片数组详解</a></div>
<div class="opt">
<span><i class="view"></i>315</span>
<span class="collectBtn user_collection" data-id="464141" data-type="article" title="收藏"><i class="collect"></i>收藏</span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<!-- 课程推荐 -->
<div class="contBoxNor">
<div class="contTit">
<div class="tit">课程推荐</div>
<a href="/courselist.html" class="more">更多></a>
</div>
<ul class="classRecomList">
<li>
<a href="/course/9.html" title="前端进阶之JavaScript设计模式" class="img_box">
<img src="/uploads/20221222/52fd0f23a454c71029c2c72d206ed815.jpg" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='/assets/images/moren/morentu.png'" alt="前端进阶之JavaScript设计模式">
</a>
<dl>
<dt class="lineOverflow">
前端进阶之JavaScript设计模式 </dt>
<dd class="cont1 lineOverflow">设计模式是开发人员在软件开发过程中面临一般问题时的解决方案，代表了最佳的实践。本课程的主打内容包括JS常见设计模式以及具体应用场景，打造一站式知识长龙服务，适合有JS基础的同学学习。</dd>
<dd class="cont2">
<a href="/course/9.html" title="前端进阶之JavaScript设计模式" class="toStudy">立即学习</a>
<span>543次学习</span>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/course/2.html" title="GO语言核心编程课程" class="img_box">
<img src="/uploads/20221221/634ad7404159bfefc6a54a564d437b5f.png" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='/assets/images/moren/morentu.png'" alt="GO语言核心编程课程">
</a>
<dl>
<dt class="lineOverflow">
GO语言核心编程课程 </dt>
<dd class="cont1 lineOverflow">本课程采用真实案例，全面具体可落地，从理论到实践，一步一步将GO核心编程技术、编程思想、底层实现融会贯通，使学习者贴近时代脉搏，做IT互联网时代的弄潮儿。</dd>
<dd class="cont2">
<a href="/course/2.html" title="GO语言核心编程课程" class="toStudy">立即学习</a>
<span>516次学习</span>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/course/74.html" title="简单聊聊mysql8与网络通信" class="img_box">
<img src="/uploads/20240103/bad35fe14edbd214bee16f88343ac57c.png" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='/assets/images/moren/morentu.png'" alt="简单聊聊mysql8与网络通信">
</a>
<dl>
<dt class="lineOverflow">
简单聊聊mysql8与网络通信 </dt>
<dd class="cont1 lineOverflow">如有问题加微信：Le-studyg；在课程中，我们将首先介绍MySQL8的新特性，包括性能优化、安全增强、新数据类型等，帮助学生快速熟悉MySQL8的最新功能。接着，我们将深入解析MySQL的网络通信机制，包括协议、连接管理、数据传输等，让</dd>
<dd class="cont2">
<a href="/course/74.html" title="简单聊聊mysql8与网络通信" class="toStudy">立即学习</a>
<span>500次学习</span>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/course/57.html" title="JavaScript正则表达式基础与实战" class="img_box">
<img src="/uploads/20221226/bbe4083bb3cb0dd135fb02c31c3785fb.jpg" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='/assets/images/moren/morentu.png'" alt="JavaScript正则表达式基础与实战">
</a>
<dl>
<dt class="lineOverflow">
JavaScript正则表达式基础与实战 </dt>
<dd class="cont1 lineOverflow">在任何一门编程语言中,正则表达式,都是一项重要的知识,它提供了高效的字符串匹配与捕获机制,可以极大的简化程序设计。</dd>
<dd class="cont2">
<a href="/course/57.html" title="JavaScript正则表达式基础与实战" class="toStudy">立即学习</a>
<span>487次学习</span>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
<li>
<a href="/course/28.html" title="从零制作响应式网站—Grid布局" class="img_box">
<img src="/uploads/20221223/ac110f88206daeab6c0cf38ebf5fe9ed.jpg" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='/assets/images/moren/morentu.png'" alt="从零制作响应式网站—Grid布局">
</a>
<dl>
<dt class="lineOverflow">
从零制作响应式网站—Grid布局 </dt>
<dd class="cont1 lineOverflow">本系列教程将展示从零制作一个假想的网络科技公司官网，分为导航，轮播，关于我们，成功案例，服务流程，团队介绍，数据部分，公司动态，底部信息等内容区块。网站整体采用CSSGrid布局，支持响应式，有流畅过渡和展现动画。</dd>
<dd class="cont2">
<a href="/course/28.html" title="从零制作响应式网站—Grid布局" class="toStudy">立即学习</a>
<span>485次学习</span>
</dd>
</dl>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<!-- footer -->
<link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/icon?family=Material+Icons" rel="stylesheet">
<div class="footer">
<ul>
<li ><a href="/" class="aLightGray"><em class="material-icons">home</em><span>首页</span></a></li>
<li class="curr"><a href="/articlelist.html" class="aLightGray"><em class="material-icons">menu_book</em><span>阅读</span></a></li>
<li ><a href="/courselist.html" class="aLightGray"><em class="material-icons">school</em><span>课程</span></a></li>
<li ><a href="/ai.html" class="aLightGray"><em class="material-icons">smart_toy</em><span>AI助手</span></a></li>
<li ><a href="/user.html" class="aLightGray"><em class="material-icons">person</em><span>我的</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<script src="/assets/js/require.js" data-main="/assets/js/require-frontend.js?v=1671101972"></script>
<script>
var _hmt = _hmt || [];
(function() {
var hm = document.createElement("script");
hm.src = "https://hm.baidu.com/hm.js?3dc5666f6478c7bf39cd5c91e597423d";
var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm, s);
})();
</script>
</body>
</html>
